The Republic of Moldova functions as a parliamentary state, meaning the Legislature holds the supreme representative authority of the people. Citizens elect deputies every four years through universal, equal, direct, secret, and freely expressed voting.
After elections, Parliament convenes for its constitutive session and forms parliamentary factions. The law requires each faction to include at least five deputies.
The Legislature elects a Speaker, also called the President of Parliament. Each faction can nominate a candidate, and deputies vote by secret ballot. The President of Parliament leads the institution for the Parliament’s term and may be removed early either at the request of the proposing faction or by one-third of deputies.
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Parliament operates under its Rules of Procedure, which deputies must follow. Deputies who skip plenary sessions or violate order may face sanctions, temporary suspension from sessions, or salary reductions.
The institution includes a Standing Bureau and permanent committees, and it can form special committees if needed. The Standing Bureau reflects the proportional representation of factions, manages the proper functioning of Parliament, sets agendas and session dates, determines the composition of permanent committees, and ensures transparency.
Permanent committees review draft laws, check compliance with existing regulations, conduct public consultations, and may establish working groups with experts in specific fields.
Parliamentary sessions remain public, though deputies may request closed sessions in certain situations. Under the Constitution, Parliament adopts laws, decisions, and motions; declares referendums; approves main state policy directions and military doctrine; grants or withdraws confidence from the Government; ratifies, denounces, suspends, or annuls international treaties; establishes the state budget; may declare a state of emergency, siege, or war; and exercises other powers granted by the Supreme Law.